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they all mean the same thing, a performance of someone else's song, it's just the word "cover" has a specific history the other, more general, probably newer terms don't.
now what about karaoke? i would argue this is a term that is set apart somewhat from the others, cover, remake, etc., because it uses a prerecorded backing track. if you're covering something, the instrumentation is all new.* not so with karaoke. a (hip-hop) recorded "freestyle" is related to this. the lyrics and flow differ, but usually it's someone else's instrumental being used and often the original song referenced in some way. it's not quite a cover, not really a remix unless appended to the original, and certainly not karaoke where the original song lyrics are being performed.
*there is a great cover by the dismemberment plan of the cure's "close to me" where the original is scratched at the end. other covers exist where the original song is actually sampled, but it isn't that common IMO.
oh, and is a remix really a remix? a remix was just a re-mix, a new mix (different volume levels/stereo panning). an edit changes the length, like a radio edit could be a shorter version by omitting a bridge or something. some edits, like an extended or dance edit, might add instrumentation as well as effects to the original. remixes come from this, to the point where the music might be completely different. remix itself doesn't really mean what it did originally or what the word would suggest. all of this is to say it's fair to question these terms even if on the surface it might seem like a "dumb question."
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