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>Today it's creators, not cops, who want to banish R. Crumb, >onetime king of the comics underground. > >Brian Doherty | From the May 2019 issue > >Robert Crumb is the undisputed godfather of alternative >comics. His work has appeared in museums across the world, >from the Venice Biennale to New York's Museum of Modern Art; >he was the subject of Terry Zwigoff's acclaimed documentary >Crumb (Gene Siskel's favorite film of 1994); his drawings are >so coveted by collectors that a sale of some sketchbooks in >the early 1990s bought him a centuries-old chateau in >southeast France. The legendary art critic Robert Hughes has >favorably compared his portrayals of the human grotesque to >Pieter Bruegel and William Hogarth, declaring Crumb "the one >and only genius the 1960s underground produced in visual art, >either in America or Europe." > >Nearly every milestone on the long road comics have crawled >from derided trash to treasured American art form was inspired >either directly or secondhand by Crumb's choices and >achievements. With his first issue of Zap in 1968, Crumb >singlehandedly invented a format and sensibility, under the >broad label of "underground comix," that permanently changed >how printed cartoon stories are perceived. Along the way, it >opened the form to social criticism, history, outrageous >satire, and the full range of deeply personal human >experience, including the both lightly and darkly sexual. > >Crumb's occasional collaborator Harvey Pekar, one of the major >innovators of quotidian comic autobiography, says his partner >demonstrated that "comics were as good an art form as any that >existed. You could write any kind of story in comics. It was >as versatile a medium as film or television." Similar praise >from other creators for Crumb's mind-blowing importance to >them could go on for pages; anyone making noncorporate, >nongenre, self-expressive comics occupies a space he created. > >But events in the comics world last year served notice that >the social-justice re-evaluation currently sweeping comedy, >film, and literature has arrived at the doorstep of >free-thinking comics. In September, at the Small Press Expo's >Ignatz Awards ceremony in Bethesda, Maryland, Crumb's >successor generation of alt artists let the 75-year-old have >it with both barrels. > >While presenting the award for Outstanding Artist, the >cartoonist Ben Passmore, who is black, asserted that "comics >is changing…and it's not an accident." He lamented the >continued industry presence of "creeps" and "apologists," then >called out the godfather by name: "Shit's not going to change >on its own. You gotta keep on being annoying about it.…A >while ago someone like R. Crumb would be 'Outstanding.'" > >The room erupted with both "ooohs" and booing. "A little while >ago there'd be no boos," Passmore responded. "I wouldn't be up >here, real talk, and yo—fuck that dude." The crowd burst >into applause. > >The brief against Crumb is both specific to his famous >idiosyncrasies and generally familiar to our modern culture of >outrage archeology. His art has trafficked in crude racial and >anti-Semitic stereotypes, expressed an open sense of misogyny, >and included depictions of incest and rape. Crumb's comics are >"seriously problematic because of the pain and harm caused by >perpetuating images of racial stereotypes and sexual >violence," the Massachusetts Independent Comics Expo (MICE) >explained last year when removing Crumb's name from one of its >exhibit rooms. > >Such talk alarms Gary Groth, co-founder of Fantagraphics, the >premiere American publisher of quality adult comics, including >a 17-volume series of The Complete Crumb Comics. "The >spontaneity and vehemence" of the backlash, Groth says, >"surprised me—and I guess what also disheartened me was, I'm >pretty sure the vast majority of people booing Crumb are not >familiar with his work.…This visceral dislike of him has no >basis in understanding who Crumb is, his place in comics >history, his contribution to the form." > >Key to the misunderstanding is Crumb's willingness to probe >human darkness, including his own, and his sheer maniacal >delight in transgression. (Crumb's own explanation for one of >his more notorious incest-related strips was, "I was just >being a punk.") The Ignatz Awards crowd, Groth worries, "will >not tolerate that kind of expression, and I think that's >disturbing. Cartooning has a long history of being >transgressive and controversial and pushing boundaries, and >now we have a generation very much opposed to that, who want >to censure fellow artists from doing work they don't approve >of—even though they are able to do what they are doing and >want to do precisely because of trailblazing on the part of >artists they now abominate." > >Crumb blew minds and inspired a generation with his eagerness >to portray and explore "the stark reality at the bottom of >life," as he put it, delivering "a psychotic manifestation of >some grimy part of America's collective unconscious." In >pursuit of that goal, he produced many comics, sometimes with >reasonably clear comic grotesquerie, sometimes with >undeniable—Crumb himself never denied it—truly dark >personal expressions that would strike most people now (and >many even then) as unacceptably hostile toward women. > >Two of his most notorious stories were titled "When the >Niggers Take Over America!" and "When the Goddamn Jews Take >Over America!" His fans insist they were obvious pitch-black >satires of bigoted madness. But they were so outrageous that >they were reprinted in actual American Nazi papers. Crumb told >The New Yorker in 1994, "I just had to expose all the myths >people have of blacks and Jews in the rawest way possible to >tilt the scale toward truth." > >Trina Robbins, the first female cartoonist in Crumb's San >Francisco coterie in the late 1960s and a co-founder of >Wimmen's Comix (the longest-running all-woman-made comic >series), was the first prominent voice raising feminist >objections to how he portrayed women and sex. She says she was >written off as an annoying scold by the scene's "little boys >club" for noting the violent hostility toward women expressed >in some of his work. > >Defenses of Crumb, who is no longer producing new comics, read >as anachronistic to many in our woke age. The Massachusetts >Expo's reasoning for shunning Crumb follows an >all-too-recognizable one-two formula for casting problematic >artists adrift: "We recognize Crumb's singular importance to >the development of independent and alternative comics, the >influence that he has had on many of our most respected >cartoonists, and the quality and brilliance of much of his >work," the organizers explained. But! "We also recognize the >negative impact carried by some of the imagery and narratives >that Crumb has produced, impact felt most acutely by those >whose voices have not been historically respected or >accommodated." > >Passmore did not respond to emailed attempts to interview him >for this story. But MICE-like, he seemed to imply that respect >for Crumb necessarily means disrespect for black >cartoonists—that the racial and gender diversity flourishing >in comics today is definitionally opposed to Crumb. As he said >at the Ignatz Awards, "I wouldn't be here." > >His comments elicited a wave of social media support from >fellow artists and fans. A white male cartoonist named Derf >Backderf, who belongs to the generation between Crumb and >Passmore and is best known for a gripping memoir about being >childhood friends with Jeffrey Dahmer, initially came to the >master's defense on Twitter. But Backderf soon deleted his >pro-Crumb tweets, admitting on further contemplation that he >was prepared to "box up Crumb and stick him in the attic." > >In Backderf's final tweet on the episode, he said he was moved >by a post from black female cartoonist and publisher C. Spike >Trotman, who said, "Personally speaking, I'm pretty relieved I >no longer live in a world where I walk into a comic shop and >there are Angelfood McSpade chocolate bars by the register." > >Angelfood McSpade was Crumb's absurdly exaggerated and >sexed-up depiction of an African wild woman. It is very easy >to understand why a black woman would feel uncomfortable >viewing that character. And yet, as the comics historian and >New Republic writer Jeet Heer commented in a post not directly >responding to Trotman at The Hooded Utilitarian blog, "anyone >who can't see the satirical (indeed outlandishly satirical) >element of Angelfood McSpade has no business being a comics >critic.…I think it is to Crumb's credit that he is willing >to implicate himself in his satires on racism—that he >doesn't see racism as cultural phenomenon outside of himself >that needs to be condemned but as cultural legacies that >pervasively shape his own sensibility and need to be >confronted internally." > >Today, many think that fine distinctions between racist art >and art that satirizes or complicates American racism are a >luxury for people who, because of color or status, don't have >to personally endure bigotry or its vestiges. Whatever the >intent, they say, a racist caricature is a racist caricature, >and it's long past time for that sort of thing to disappear. > >But those familiar with Crumb's history have reasons to be >suspicious of the idea that some art is so vile and offensive >that its creators, distributors, and even consumers should not >be tolerated. That attitude has led to bad places, in living >memory. > >'Zap No. 4 Is an Exploiter' > >Crumb made the first two issues of Zap by himself, but soon a >murderer's row of cartoon superstars formed a collective to >produce the book. One of them was Robert Williams, now a >founding father of a school of "lowbrow" figurative painting >valorized in galleries from New York to Japan. At a 2018 San >Diego Comic-Con panel discussion, Williams cheekily said that >"me and Crumb appreciated that what we did, someone would have >to pay for." Meaning: "Someone at a newsstand had to sell the >damn thing, and that poor clerk could be arrested." > >Indeed, many clerks were. On the panel, Ron Turner of the >underground publisher Last Gasp told tales of his friends at >stores and galleries being dragged downtown by vice squads. >Joyce Farmer, founding co-editor of one of the first >underground comix entirely by women, Tits & Clits, somberly >revealed that she was scared off of creating anything >potentially controversial for years after seeing a bookstore >that had been run by her editing partner raided because of the >comics she made and enjoyed. On a separate Comic-Con panel, >Robbins said that the legal heat in the early 1970s around >underground comix was so severe that Ms. magazine refused to >print an ad for Wimmen's Comix for fear that Ms. itself could >wind up charged with marketing obscene material. > >Even finding a printer was fraught; some might keep and >destroy your negatives after deciding they didn't approve of >the comic you'd paid them to reproduce. > >Most of the arrests from this era did not result in >convictions, for various reasons. At Comic-Con, Turner and >Williams tag-teamed a well-honed tale of an early '70s >prosecution coming a cropper after an offending comic was >apparently purloined from the evidence room by a sleazy cop, >leaving a judge to ask in open court, to no avail, "Where's >the Felch?" > >An existing network of head shops and record stores, which had >first centered around the market for psychedelic concert >poster art, eventually took up the wave of underground comix >being made by Crumb and his pals. Although Crumb himself cares >for almost no American culture past 1930, Zap and a plethora >of fellow travelers became a core part of the hip >revolutionary counterculture of the time. > >Thus, some suspect there was more than a concern with the >moral fabric of Manhattan—something more like animus toward >youth culture—that led a New York undercover agent from the >Morals Squad to enter two different bookstores in August and >September of 1969 to buy copies of Zap issue No. 4. On the >second visit, he arrested several employees for selling an >obscene publication. > >East Side Bookstore manager Peter Dargis admitted to having >stocked and sold around 200 copies of the comic, though he >said he had not read it himself. He pointed out to the court >that his business stocked more than 16,000 titles and that >comics such as Zap amounted to less than 1 percent of the >store's gross. Charles Kirkpatrick, manager of the New Yorker >Book Store, told a similar story of a huge stock, a tiny >percentage of which was potentially naughty comics whose >specific content he had not studied. > >The case was presided over by Judge Joel Tyler, the same man >who declared the movie Deep Throat to be legally obscene. The >district attorney offered no evidence other than the copy of >Zap 4, whose scurrilousness was supposed to speak for itself. >The sellers pointed out that the material was marked "adults >only" and that the undercover agent was indeed an adult. > >Expert witnesses from the world of comics and art—including >Whitney Museum curator Robert Doty, who had included some >Crumb comics in an exhibit, "Human Concern/Personal Torment: >The Grotesque in American Art"—tried to convince Tyler there >was more to Crumb and Co.'s work than smut. > >Sidney Jacobson, who worked for the children's comic company >Harvey, home of Richie Rich and Casper the Friendly Ghost, >shook things up by insisting that Archie Comics, a rival, >produced cartoons "purposely written and drawn to arouse >sexualities in teenagers." The publishers and creators of >Archie, Jacobson maintained, "are trying within it to appeal >to the sexual desires of their public," while Zap's more >grotesque representations of sex, including Crumb's depiction >of sex acts between family members, were designed to be less >arousing than Betty and Veronica. (Jacobson offended Tyler by >referring to his own company's work as aimed at the lowest age >group. The judge harrumphed that he himself read Harvey comics >regularly.) > >Dargis and Kirkpatrick were convicted in October 1970, with >Tyler deciding that Zap was "utterly unredeemed and >unredeemable, save, perhaps, only by the quality of the paper >upon which it is printed. It is patently offensive.…It is a >part of the underworld press—the growing world of deceit in >sex—and it is not reality or honesty, as they often claim it >to be. It represents an emotional incapacity to view sex as a >basis for establishing genuine human relationships, or as a >normal part of human condition.—Zap No. 4 is an exploiter; >its effect is to purvey 'filth for filth's sake.' It is >hard-core pornography.…The material must fail by any legal >test yet announced." > >Sellers of such filth, Tyler ruled, should have known it was >impermissibly obscene (even though it did not become legally >obscene for sure until the judge said so). As for those >eggheaded claims to artistic value, he found "these witnesses >failed to particularize in understandable lay terms their >generalizations that the cartoonists were 'original,' or how >they were 'influencing a new generation of cartoonists,' or >how they showed 'enormous vitality,' or where was the satire >or parody of the sexual experiences depicted…or how do these >cartoons, dealing as they do in the main with perverted sexual >experiences, attempt to 'humorously outrage' the reader and >place in perspective human values." > >In lieu of a 90-day jail sentence, the store managers were >fined $500, the equivalent of more than $3,200 today. Their >appeals in the New York state system failed essentially on >grounds that they couldn't prove they didn't know Zap 4 was >obscene. The U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that outcome in >October 1973, leaving in place a ruling that the then-chief of >the American Booksellers Association called "frightening," >since "no one can possibly know in advance what a judge will >consider obscene. The effect of this decision is to make every >bookseller in the state a censor." > >In a blistering dissent, Justice William Brennan repeated his >assertion from an earlier case that "the First and Fourteenth >Amendments prohibit the state and federal governments from >attempting wholly to suppress sexually oriented materials on >the basis of their allegedly 'obscene' contents." Yet the >Court seemed to have it out for Crumb and his compatriots in >1973. Earlier that year, in Miller v. California, it had >shifted obscenity law by giving localities the power to punish >expression for being obscene if it violated local mores while >lacking "serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific >value." Many blame Miller for wrecking underground comics as a >viable business, with hippie entrepreneurs in college towns >across the nation deciding that the profit margins on these >curious 50-cent pamphlets were not worth risking fines or jail >time. > >To Crumb's Zap partner Williams, applying a square's community >standards to their transgressive work was an outrage. These >comics "were not made for the general public," he said at >Comic-Con. "They were made for an audience that seeked them >out…an intellectual group in favor of free thought and >imagination." >Censure, Not Censorship > >No one of significance in the comics community today is >calling for 1970s-style legal punishment for unwoke >cartoonists. Charles Brownstein, who heads up the Comic Book >Legal Defense Fund, points out that "there's a distinction >between censorship in the courts vs. dissenting points of view >in the public square." > >Brownstein's organization was born of a 1986 arrest and >conviction (later reversed) of a comic shop clerk for selling, >among other things, an issue of a Crumb-founded comic called >Weirdo. The cases he deals with these days are more likely to >be about censoring comics in specific public places, such as >public schools and libraries. Arrests of comic sellers aren't >much of a thing anymore. > >Fantagraphics' Groth, who keeps in print the very same comic >that got Kirkpatrick and Dargis hauled into court, grants that >he hasn't once over the last two decades seriously feared any >legal trouble for selling Crumb. Prosecutions of printed >materials not clearly marketed as masturbatory aids are rarely >pursued this century. And thanks to Crumb's gallery cred and >fame, most prosecutors probably assume that judges and juries >will consider his work, if only because it is his, to have >literary or artistic value. > >But obscenity laws still exist, and that prosecutorial energy >has been especially fierce in the past few decades when >targeting sexual depictions involving children. One of Zap 4's >more offensive strips is an incest riff featuring kids having >sex with their parents, so it isn't completely insane to fear >that Crumb's work might once again come to be seen as not >merely unwoke but illegal. The anti-Crumb sentiments are >"still dangerous," Groth says, "because laws can in fact >change because of public attitudes." Those attitudes now >include mainstream consideration of legislation aimed at >curtailing "hate speech." > >During the social media storm kicked off by Passmore's >comments, Jules Rivera, a black female cartoonist, tweeted out >two panels of a Crumb comic in which an obvious cartoon >version of him is having sex with a woman identified as being >in "a drunken stupor," with no signs of consent. "I'm keeping >that rapist ass Crumb art on my phone," she continued. "If >anyone challenges me, I'll bust out my phone and say 'so >you're down with this?' In person. To your face." > >But holding art and expression to the moral demands implicit >in that tweet may actually hobble what art is for. >Appreciating a creator isn't—or needn't be—a matter of >being "down with" the actions portrayed in his every work. One >of the many reasons humans have art is to understand, play >with, portray, question, and explore the human condition. >Which, as Crumb firmly believes, includes a lot of awful, >unacceptable thoughts and behavior. > >Portraying darkness and evil in art is not the same as >celebrating darkness and evil, even when the depiction is not >safely anchored to a clear statement of the artist's anti-evil >sympathies. Offense and transgression can be a vital part of >how expression stays lively, fresh, startling, moving, and >true to the human condition. That transgressive art is hard to >defend in sober, sensible ways is precisely the point. As >Simpsons creator Matt Groening wrote in an introduction to >1998's The Life and Times of R. Crumb, "it sure is a relief to >read someone's beautiful Bad Thoughts and realize the world >won't come crashing down after all." > >The teen Crumb in his published letters saw himself as a good >liberal condemning the racial ignorance and prejudice of the >yokels surrounding him. The adult Crumb, in addition to his >transgressions, did some excellent cartooning on the lives of >black musicians who had made the old-time music he revered. >Building a wall of exclusion around his art denies audiences >the galvanizing work of an artist whose declared intent often >aligns with that of his modern-day indicters, even if he's >willing to toy with imagery they recoil from. > >In a world of free expression and diminishing legal speech >controls, if you want to "cancel" Crumb, well, it's your right >to try. But Groth for one finds that attitude troubling. It >"feels similar to trying to erase Ezra Pound or Yeats or >Wyndham Lewis, any number of reactionaries in the history of >art and literature," he says. "It's provincial and philistine >and based on historical ignorance, and I don't think that's >what art should be about." > >The Frustrating Tango of Liberal Tolerance > >The American culture that R. Crumb and his contemporaries grew >up in restricted the ways people could talk about sex, >violence, race, and class. The first wave of underground comix >artists reacted with metaphorical explosive violence, >especially once they realized nothing was stopping them but >the constraints of their own minds. That freedom, in all its >messiness and ugliness, upset and unnerved and offended many. >It also inspired massive amounts of interesting, strange, >life-enhancing art, not just in the comics world but in such >offshoots of Crumb's aesthetic as National Lampoon, Saturday >Night Live, and The Simpsons. > >The attitudes Crumb satirized were real and, he thought, >deserving of ridicule via crazed exaggeration. His feelings of >hostility toward women are, as he has insisted in his comics >and in interviews, true to him (and, he is certain, to many >other men). What is to be gained by pretending they're not? >Crumb was honest about being the sort of resentful nebbish who >in his pre-fame days saw women as controlling something he >desperately wanted and couldn't have—what would now be >called a corrosive "incel" mentality, after the men who >self-identify as involuntarily celibate. > >In a 1991 interview with The Comics Journal, Crumb said art >should be judged not on ideological purity but on whether it >is "interesting or boring…honest and truthful and >real…saying what's really on minds.…If it's >really in there it ought to come out on paper." At the same >time, he reflected, "I don't know, maybe we're all just >dragging society down. Maybe we should all be locked up." > >The paradox of liberal tolerance remains: Neither the >transgressors nor the offended have a right to force the other >side to just shut up about what its members think, feel, or >imagine. The two are intimately linked in a mutually >frustrating tango. The offended want certain expressions to go >away or be universally recognized as unacceptable, and the >transgressors want a social space to express themselves >without feeling driven from society. > >Liberal tolerance, as exemplified by the First >Amendment—refusing to violently punish someone for his or >her expression—offers a way for these battles to take place >without anyone being physically hurt. The figurative game of >expression, reaction, pushback, and constantly shifting mores >can keep being played without either side mistaking the >contest for mortal combat. Although cancel culture (without >law enforcement involvement) stops short of violence, those >who like to wield it should understand that human beings are >social animals. To be told that you and anyone who doesn't >join enthusiastically in condemning you should be expelled >from society can feel like war when you're the target. > >Many people understand that art is for expressing and >exploring the human mind and soul—and the human mind and >soul contain darkness, sexual mania, racism, hostility, and >any number of awful truths. To force those things out of the >conversation is to unreasonably limit the whole project, they >say. Art is a treasured aspect of the healthy human condition, >even if what the art says is unhealthy on various dimensions. >Many others consider that tradeoff worth it in the name of >protecting the status and feelings of previously excluded or >oppressed groups. > >Crumb's attempt to open comics to a vast range of human >expression was victorious: Whether they want to acknowledge it >or not, those working in the field today are his descendants. >Like all children and grandchildren, they can choose whether >or not to understand their patriarch, whether to emulate him >or tell him to fuck off. Their choices may not always be kind >or wise, but such is human freedom. > >src: >https://reason.com/2019/04/29/cancel-culture-comes-for-count/
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