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Alpha-GPC and CDP-Choline increase the neurotransmitter - important to memory formation and learning - acetylcholine. CDP provides choline and cytidine. The body converts cytidine to uridine which is important for neuron growth. Alpha has more choline per mg than CDP. I definitely notice a difference (feels like caffeine w/o the jitters) 30-45 minutes after ingestion (w/o food or w/ whey protein and gatorade pre-workout).
There are also cheaper choline bitartrate supplements (if not in the memory/brain section, it's in the Vitamin B section of stores usually), but they have been observed to unreliably increase neural choline concentrations; and when it did, it did so to a lesser degree than CDP and Alpha.
Nicotine binds to acetylcholine receptors and can mimic the neurotransmitter starting a cascade of effects (egs. increased adrenaline, noradrenaline, and dopamine). Nicotine patches are too slow for us to derive a nootropic effect; smoking delivers it too fast and addiction risk is higher with the higher speed. There is still a risk of addiction with gum, though.
Rhodiola Rosea is what's called an Adaptogen. They decrease the effects of stress. Its cognitive benefits is secondary to being rather strong at being anti-fatigue.
L-theanine is a relaxing, non-sedative amino acid found in teas. Stacking theanine with caffeine, theanine reduces things like jittery hands but increases the attention promoting aspect of caffeine. Theanine + Caffeine has outperformed Caffeine alone when looking at cognitive effects. Interestingly, theanine can increase alpha waves which has been observed along the relaxed focus state of meditators.
Panax Ginseng. Like Rhodiola, cognitive benefits arise from being anti-fatigue.
Bacopa Monnieri aids with memory. Doesn't help with increased attention but has a calming effect. So, something good to help during stressful, anxious periods. But it takes about a month of supplementation before things happen. Bacopa increases nerve endings' growth and affects the acetylcholine pathway via the serotogenic pathway which would explain the memory enhancement and mood-boosting properties.
Acetyl-L-Carnitine is, for me, the mildest supplement on this list. ALCAR does improve blood flow in the brain; helps energy use; protective of mitochondria and neurons; etc. Note that there are many variants of L-Carnitine. For nootropic purposes, be sure it's ALCAR. Its prevention of cognitive decline has been noted in seniors. I did notice a slight attention boost from ALCAR.
Compared to Adderall and Modafinil all of the supplements listed are mild. Nicotine gum, Alpha-GPC, CDP-Choline, and Rhodiola Rosea help me in times when I only got less than 3 hours of sleep. But, their effects in that context for me, last about 2 to 4 hours. But their magnitude during that time frame are nowhere close to A and M.
Read more about them: https://examine.com/supplements/Alpha-GPC/ https://examine.com/supplements/CDP-choline/ https://examine.com/supplements/Nicotine/ https://examine.com/supplements/Rhodiola+Rosea/ The rest of them are there, too.
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