"The ideology of black nationalism was also enhanced by the Pan-African movement, which was born at the turn of the twentieth century too. Like Garveyism, Pan-Africanism waged a struggle for the full emancipation of the black race, but it put accent on the economic and political liberation of the black African nations that languished under colonial rule. It looked at the problem of black identity as an integral whole and gave the black American issue an international perspective. Unlike Garveyism, however, Pan-Africanism was more of a movement of ideas than action. It sought to advance the black cause through expedient propaganda measures, gradually leading on to sterner action."