I never said that Tolken was a fascist. I think European history is far more complex than that. If you want to talk purely about racism, then the problem is far worse in the western hemisphere because racism was largely created by slavery not by intellectuals.

If you read about fascism and understand it, it’s not hard to see why it had its appeal in Europe. Each country’s populace has its reasons for choosing fascism: Germany because of WWI and the Great Depression of 1929, Spain because of the decline of the country’s prestige, wealth and power and the loss in the War of 1898. Probably the best explanation why England didn’t become fascist is that the country did not have serious problems moving to capitalism or industrializing. As the current of industrialization and capitalism moved from west to east from Europe finally to China the process became more difficult, bloodier, more authoritarian, and the time period allotted for industrialization and the move to capitalism became more condensed. This is represented in increased death tolls in the process from west to east. England had a relatively bloodless transfer to capitalism and industrialism, France more bloody and authoritarian, Germany, and Russia and China much bloodier, and more authoritarian.

This doesn’t mean that the ideas that fueled fascism in the rest of Europe did not exist in England because in fact they did. Hegel and Pareto were two key philosophers in the fascist canon, and they were very popular in England. However, in England and France, fascism did not have quite the appeal that it did in the rest of Europe. You say that England was battling fascism, but I disagree with that statement. By 1914, Germany was economically a more productive nation than England, and wanted colonies like the other European powers. Remember Germany hosted the Berlin Conference to divide up Africa. England with the greatest empire during the 19th century fought a war for power and empire not good versus evil. “The rock” in England during WWII Winston Churchill was the very man who came up with the policy that he himself called “social imperialism” in which the state would silence internal concerns with imperialism abroad. That doesn’t sound much different from the fascist’s foreign policy to me.